Research Article | Published: 01 March 2015

Ethnomedicinal Importance of Rudraksha (Elaeocarpus sphaericus (Gaertn.) K. Schum.), Related Species and their Conservation Strategies: A Review

Kumud Saklani, P.  Prasad and Anant Ram Nautiyal

Indian Journal of Forestry | Volume: 38 | Issue: 1 | Page No. 1-10 | 2015
DOI: https://doi.org/10.54207/bsmps1000-2015-4YJ3W3 | Cite this article

Abstract

The extensive use of Elaeocarpus species in Ayurveda or as ethnomedicinal plants and their economic use as timber plants, have resulted in most of them getting threatened and enlisted in the Red Data Book or the IUCN Red List of threatened plants. The present review focuses on the conservation status of important Elaeocarpus species of India in view of their medicinal importance and the efforts required, thereof, in future.

Keywords

Rudraksha, Elaeocarpus Species, Ethnomedicinal Importance, Threatened Plants, Conservation

Access Options

250/-

Buy Full Access in HTML Format

Instant access to the full article.

Get access to the full version of this article. Buy Full Access in HTML Format

References

1. Aggarwal, B.B., Ichikawa, H., Garodia, P., Weerasinghe, P., Sethi, G., Bhatt, I.D., Pandey, M.K., Shishodia, S. and Nair, M.G. (2006). From traditional Ayurvedic medicine to modern medicine: identification of therapeutic targets for suppression of inflammation and cancer. Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Targets, 10(1):87-118. https://doi.org/10.1517/14728222.10.1.87

Google Scholar

2. Arshad, S.M. and Kumar, A. (2006). Tissue culture Investigation of Elaeocarpus tuberculatus-a highly valued Rudraksha. Vegetos-An International Journal of Plant Research, 19: 111-114.  

Google Scholar

3. Anon. (1952). The Wealth of India: Raw Materials. Vol. III. Publications and Information Directorate, C.S.I.R., New Delhi.

Google Scholar

4. Baba, Y. and Crayn, D. (2012). Elaeocarpus hylobroma (Elaeocarpaceae): a new species endemic to mountain tops in north-east Queensland, Australia. Kew Bulletin, 67(4): 743-750.   https://doi.org/10.1007/s12225-012-9398-9

Google Scholar

5. Bhagwat, S., Kushalappa, C., Williams, P. and Brown, N. (2005). The role of informal protected areas in maintaining biodiversity in the Western Ghats of India. Ecology and Society, 10(1): 8. [online] URL:http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol10/iss1/art8/   https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-01285-100108

Google Scholar

6. Bhojvaid, P.P. and Negi, S. (2003). Propagation of Elaeocarpus ganitrus by Air Layering. Indian Forester, 129: 1185-1191.

Google Scholar

7. Bhuyan, P., Khan, M.L. and Tripathi, R.S. (2002). Regeneration status and population structure of Rudraksh (Elaeocarpus ganitrus Roxb.) in relation to cultural disturbances in tropical wet evergreen forest of Arunachal Pradesh. Curr. Sci., 83: 1391-1394.

Google Scholar

8. Briggs, J. and Leigh, J.H. (1988). Rare and Threatened Australian Plants. Special Publication No. 14. Australian National Parks and Wildlife Service, Canberra.  

Google Scholar

9. Chandrashekara, U.M. and Muraleedharan, P.K. (2001). Studies on Disturbed Shola Forests for Evolving Strategies for the Conservation and Management. KFRI Research Report No. 196. Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi, Thrissur.  

Google Scholar

10. Changkija, S. (2012). Forests and Floristic Diversity of Nagaland. In: Negi, G. C. S. and Dhyani, P. P. (eds.), Glimpses of Forestry Research in the Indian Himalayan Region. ENVIS Centre on Himalayan Ecology, GBPIHED, Kosi-Katarmal, Almora, India.

Google Scholar

11. Chaudhuri, A.B. (1993). Forest Plants of Eastern India. Ashish Publishing House, New Delhi.

Google Scholar

12. Chopra, R.N., Nayar, S.L. and Chopra, I.C. (1956). Glossary of Indian Medicinal Plants. Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, New Delhi.

Google Scholar

13. Chowdhury, M.S.H. and Koike, M. (2010). Towards exploration of plant-based ethno-medicinal knowledge of rural community: basis for biodiversity conservation in Bangladesh. New Forests, 40(2): 243-260.   https://doi.org/10.1007/s11056-010-9197-9

Google Scholar

14. Coode, M.J.E. (1981). Elaeocarpaceae. In: Henty, E.E. (ed.), Handbooks of the Flora of Papua New Guinea, Vol. II. Melbourne University Press.

Google Scholar

15. Coode, M.J.E. (2004). Elaeocarpaceae. In Kubitzki, K. (ed.), The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 6: 135–144.   https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-07257-8_18

16. Coode, M.J.E. (2010). Elaeocarpus for Flora Malesiana: new taxa and understanding in the Ganitrus group, Kew Bulletin, 65(3): 355-399. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12225-010-9223-2

Google Scholar

17. Dadhich, A., Rishi, A., Sharma, G. and Chandra, S. (2013). Phytochemicals of Elaeocarpus with their therapeutic value: A Review. Int. J. Pharm. Bio. Sci., 4(3): 591-598.

Google Scholar

18. Das, N. (2014). The Effect of Seed Sources Variation and Presowing Treatments on the Seed Germination of Acacia catechu and Elaeocarpus floribundus Species in Bangladesh.” International Journal of Forestry Research. Article ID 984194, 8 pages http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/984194.   https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/984194

Google Scholar

19. Davidar, P., Mohandass, D. and Vijayan, S.L. (2007). Floristic inventory of woody plants in a tropical montane (shola) forest in the Palni hills of the Western Ghats, India. Tropical Ecology, 48(1): 15-25.

Google Scholar

20. Daxing, S., Yunjie, G., Mili, W., Xiaomin, D. and Jiankang, Z. (2004). Plant Regeneration from in vitro culture of Elaeocarpus sylvestris (Lour.) Poir. Acta Horticulturae Sinica, 31(2): 245-248.

Google Scholar

21. Elkhateeb, A., Subeki, Takahashi, K., Matsuura, H., Yamasaki, M., Yamato, O., Maede, Y., Katakura, K., Yoshihara, T. and Nabeta, K. (2005). Anti-babesial ellagic acid rhamnosides from the bark of Elaeocarpus parvifolius. Phytochemistry, 66:2577-80.   https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2005.08.020

Google Scholar

22. Fairbanks, D.J. and Andersen, W.R. (1995). Molecular Analysis of Genetic Diversity: Advantages and Limitations. In: Roundy, Bruce A., McArthur, E. Durant, Haley, Jennifer S., Mann, David K., comps. Proc.: Wildland shrub and arid land restoration symposium;1993 October 19-21; Las Vegas, NV. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-GTR-315. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station.

Google Scholar

23. Faridah Hanum, I. (1999). Plant Diversity and Conservation Value of Ayer Hitam Forest, Selangor, Peninsular Malaysia. Pertanika J. Trop. Agric. Sci., 22(2): 73-83.

Google Scholar

24. Garg, K., Goswami, K.  and Khurana, G.A. (2013). Pharmacognostical Review on Elaeocarpus sphaericus. International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 5(1): 3-8.

Google Scholar

25. Garzuglia, M. (2006). Threatened, Endangered and Vulnerable Tree Species: A Comparison between FRA 2005 and the IUCN Red List. Global Forest Resources Assessment 2005. Forest Resources Assessment Working Paper 108. FAO, Rome.

Google Scholar

26. Gautam, G. (2013). State Green Mission: A Unique and Innovative Environmental Programme. Journal of Environmental Research and Development, 8(1): 183-188.  

Google Scholar

27. Gong, X. and Ge, G. (2013). Characterization of Polymorphic Microsatellite Markers Isolated from Genomic DNA of Elaeocarpus decipiens Hemsley (Elaeocarpaceae). J Data Mining Genomics Proteomics, 4: 141. doi:10.4172/2153-0602.1000141. https://doi.org/10.4172/2153-0602.1000141

Google Scholar

28. Irudhayaraj, D.F. and Ramasubbu, R. (2014). The lonely endemic Palni Hills Rudraksha Tree Elaeocarpus blascoi Weibel (Magnoliopsida: Malvales: Elaeocarpaceae), Tamil Nadu, India. Journal of Threatened Taxa, 6(11): 6473–6476.   https://doi.org/10.11609/JoTT.o4067.6473-6

Google Scholar

29. Irwin, S.J., Narasimhan, D. and Suresh, V.M. (2013). Ecology, distribution and population status of Elaeocarpus venustus Bedd. (Oxalidales: Elaeocarpaceae), a threatened tree species from Agasthiyamalai Biosphere Reserve, Southern Western Ghats, India. Journal of Threatened Taxa, 5(9): 4378–4384.   https://doi.org/10.11609/JoTT.o3309.4378-84

Google Scholar

30. Islam, S.S. (2003). Status of forest genetic resources conservation and management in Bangladesh. In: Luoma-Aho, T., Hong, L.T., Rao, V.R. and Sim, H.C. (eds.), Proc. Asia Pacific Forest Genetic Resources Programme (APFORGEN) Inception Workshop, Kepong, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

Google Scholar

31. Ito, A., Chai, H.B., Lee, D., Kardono, L.B., Riswan, S., Farnsworth, N.R., Cordella, G.A., Pezzuto, M. and Kinghorn, D.A. (2002). Ellagic acid derivatives and cytotoxic cucurbitacins from Elaeocarpus mastersii. Phytochemistry, 61:171-174.   https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(02)00232-7

Google Scholar

32. Jeeva, S. (2009). Horticultural potential of wild edible fruits used by the Khasi tribes of Meghalaya. Journal of Horticulture and Forestry, 1(9):182-192.

Google Scholar

33. Jones, R.C., McNally, J. and Rossetto, M. (2002). Isolation of microsatellite loci from a rainforest tree, Elaeocarpus grandis (Elaeocarpaceae), and amplification across closely related taxa. Molecular Ecology Notes, 2(2): 179-181. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1471-8286.2002.00202.x

Google Scholar

34. Khan, M.L., Bhuyan, P. and Tripathi, R.S. (2003). Regeneration of Rudraksh (Elaeocarpus ganitrus Roxb.)- A Threatened Tree Species: Germination Strategies. International Journal of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, 29: 255-260.

Google Scholar

35. Khan, M.L., Bhuyan, P. and Tripathi, R.S. (2004a). Survival and growth of seedlings of Rudraksh (Elaeocarpus ganitrus) under varied canopy conditions after transplant. Tropical Ecology, 45(2): 233-239.  

Google Scholar

36. Khan, M.L., Bhuyan, P. and Tripathi, R.S. (2004b). Conservation status of Rudraksh in tropical wet evergreen forests of Arunachal Pradesh. Current Science, 86(5): 646-650.

Google Scholar

37. Khan, M.L., Bhuyan, P. and Tripathi, R.S. (2005). Effect of forest disturbance on fruit set, seed dispersal and predation of Rudraksh (Elaeocarpus ganitrus Roxb.) in northeast India. Current Science, 88(1): 133-142.

Google Scholar

38. Khare, C.P.  (2004). Encyclopedia of Medicinal Plants. Springer Publication, New York.

39. Khare, C.P. (2007). Indian Medicinal Plants, an Illustrated Dictionary, Springer Science, Springer Verlag: Berlin/ Heidelberg, Germany.   https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-70638-2

Google Scholar

40. Kukachka, B.F. and Rees, L.W. (1943). Systematic Anatomy of the Wood of the Tiliaceae. Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station Technical Bulletin, 158: 1-70.

Google Scholar

41. Kumar, K.M.P., Sreeraj, V., Thomas, B., Manudev, K.M. and Rajendran, A. (2012).  Validation and documentation of rare endemic and threatened (RET) plants from Nilgiri, Kanuvai and Madukkarai forests of southern Western Ghats, India. Journal of Threatened Taxa, 4(15): 3436–3442. https://doi.org/10.11609/JoTT.o3145.3436-42

Google Scholar

42. Kumar, N., Dubey, M. and Agarwal, V. (2013). Rudrakha: A Review on Mythological, Spritual and Medicinal Importance, Global J. Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med., 2(1): 65–72.  

Google Scholar

43. Lee, D.W. (1998). The Biology of Rudraksha. Current Science, 75(1): 26-30.

44. Li, F., Li, J., Liu, B., Zhuo, J. and Long, C. (2014). Seeds used for Bodhi Beads in China. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine, 10: 1-8.   https://doi.org/10.1186/1746-4269-10-15

Google Scholar

45. Majumdar, K., Uma Shankar and Datta, B.D. (2014). Trends in Tree Diversity and Stand Structure during Restoration: A Case Study in Fragmented Moist Deciduous Forest Ecosystems of Northeast India. Journal of Ecosystems. Article ID 845142, 10 pages, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/845142. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/845142

Google Scholar

46. Maridass, M. (2010). Survey of Phytochemical diversity of Wild Plants in Tirunelveli Hills, Western Ghats, South India. International Journal of Advances in Pharmaceutical Sciences,1: 128-132.  

Google Scholar

47. Masters, M.T. (1874). Tiliaceae. In: Hooker J.D. (ed.), Flora of British India, Vol. I. Rep. 1999. Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh, Dehradun.

48. Meijer, W. (1995). In: Dassanayake, M.D., Fosberg, F.R. and Clayton, W.D. (eds.), A Revised Handbook to the Flora of Ceylon, 9: 81 - 90. Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi,Bombay, Calcutta.

49. Meng, D., Qiang, S., Lou, L. and Zhao, W. (2008). Cytotoxic cucurbitane type triterpenoids from Elaeocarpus hainanensis. Planta Med., 74: 1741-1744. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2008-1081356

Google Scholar

50. Mishra, B.P. and Jeeva, S. (2012). Plant diversity and community attributes of woody plants in two climax subtropical humid forests of Meghalaya, North-East India. Applied Ecology and Environmental Research, 10(4): 417-436. https://doi.org/10.15666/aeer/1004_417436

Google Scholar

51. Murti, S.K. (1993). Family Elaeocarpaceae in India - Census and Observations. J. Econ. Taxon. Bot., 17(2): 283-296.

Google Scholar

52. Nambiar, V.P.K., Sasidharan, N., Renuka, C. and Balagopalan, M. (1985). Studies on the Medicinal Plants of Kerala Forests. KFRI Research Report No. 42. Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi, Thrissur.

Google Scholar

53. Nayar, M.P. and Sastry, A.R.K. (1990). Red Data Book of Indian Plants. Vol. 1-3. Rep. 2000. Botanical Survey of India, Calcutta.

Google Scholar

54. Nazma, Ganapathy, P.M., Bhat, K.M., Sasidharan, N. and Gnanaharan, R. (1981). A Handbook of Kerala Timbers. KFRI Research Report No. 9.Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi, Thrissur.

Google Scholar

55. Negi, S.S. (1993). Biodiversity and Its Conservation in India. Indus Publishing Company, New Delhi.  

Google Scholar

56. Ogata, K. (1975). Anatomical characters and identification of tropical Woods:  Elaeocarpus and Sloanea (Elaeocarpaceae). Bull. Gov. Forest Exp. Stat., 276: 63-75.

Google Scholar

57. Oyen, L.P.A. (2011). Elaeocarpus floribundus Blume. [Internet] Record from PROTA4U.Lemmens, R. H. M. J., Louppe, D. and Oteng-Amoako, A.A. (Eds.), PROTA (Plant Resources of Tropical Africa / Ressources végétales de l’Afrique tropicale), Wageningen, Netherlands. <http://www.prota4u.org/search.asp>.

Google Scholar

58. Pant, M., Lal, A., Bisht, P. and Rani, A. (2013). Elaeocarpus sphaericus: A Tree with Curative Powers: An overview. Research Journal of Medicinal Plant, 7(1): 23-31.   https://doi.org/10.3923/rjmp.2013.23.31

Google Scholar

59. Pathak, A., Chapagain, S.P. and Rai, J.K. (2014). Rudraksha (Elaeocarpus sphaericus): A Plant with High Economic Potential Associated with Precious and Mystical Values. In: Rai and Chapagain (eds.), Value Chain Analysis of Forest Products in Koshi Hill Districts of Nepal: Challenges and Opportunities for Economic Growth, Forest Action Nepal and RRN, Kathmandu, Chapter V: 92-106.

60. Pavendan, P., Gideon, V.A. and Rajasekaran, S.C. (2012). Cost effective ex situ conservation (Air layering) of Elaeocarpus blascoi an endangered medicinal tree in Western Ghats of Palni Hills, Tamil Nadu, South India. Indian Forester, 138(11): 1056–1058.

Google Scholar

61. Poyil, M. (2014). Palu-Kurumbar: The Ethno Medical and Magico Religious Practitioners of Attappadi Valley of Kerala. Social and Basic Sciences Research Review, 2(3): 117-138.

62. Prabhu, S. (2008). Special Habitats and Threatened Plants of Meghalaya. In: Rawat, G.S. (ed.), Special Habitats and Threatened Plants of India. ENVIS Bulletin: Wildlife and Protected Areas, Vol. 11(1). Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun.

Google Scholar

63. Prabhu, S.D., Barik, S.K., Pandey, H.N. and Tripathi, R.S. (2010). Impact of Landuse Changes on Plant Species Diversity of Nokrek Biosphere Reserve, Meghalaya, India. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, 107(2), 146-158.

Google Scholar

64. Prakash, N., Ansari, M.A., Punitha, P. and Sharma, P.K. (2014). Indigenous Traditional Knowledge and Usage of Folk Bio-Medicines Among Rongmei Tribe of Tamenglong District of Manipur, India. Afr. J.Tradit. Complement.Altern. Med., 11(3): 239-247. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ajtcam.v11i3.34.   https://doi.org/10.4314/ajtcam.v11i3.34

Google Scholar

65. Pritchard, D. and Harrop, S. (2010). A re-evaluation of the role of ex-situ conservation in the face of climate change. J.Botanical Gardens, 7(1): 3-6.

Google Scholar

66. Pullaiah, T. (2006). Encyclopedia of World Medicinal Plants, Vol. 2, Regency Publication, New Delhi.

67. Rahman, M.M., Amin, M.N., Azad, M.A.K., Begum, F. and Karim, M.Z. (2003a). In vitro rapid regeneration from Leaf Explant of Native-olive (Elaeocarpus robustus Roxb.). Journal of Biological Sciences, 3: 718-725. https://doi.org/10.3923/jbs.2003.718.725

68. Rahman, M.M., Amin, M.N. and Ahmad, S. (2003b). Rapid clonal propagation of native olive (Elaeocarpus robustus Roxb.) using tissue culture technique. Journal of Biological Sciences, 3: 1107-1113.   https://doi.org/10.3923/jbs.2003.1107.1113

Google Scholar

69. Rahman, M.M., Amin, M.N. and Ahmad, S. (2004a).In vitro rapid regeneration from cotyledon explant of native olive (Elaeocarpus robustus Roxb.).  Asian Journal of Plant Science,3: 31-35.   https://doi.org/10.3923/ajps.2004.31.35

Google Scholar

70. Rahman, M.M., Amin, M.N., Ahmad, R., Azad, M.A.K. and Begum, F. (2004b). In vitro plantlet regeneration from internode explant of native olive (Elaeocarpus robustus Roxb.). Journal of Biological Sciences, 4: 676-680. https://doi.org/10.3923/jbs.2004.676.680

Google Scholar

71. Rahman, M.M., Amin, M.N., Ishiguri, F., Yokota, S., Sultana, R.S., Takashima, Y., Iizuka, K. and Yoshizawa, N. (2009).In vitro plantlet regeneration of “dwarf” Indian olive (Elaeocarpus robustus Roxb.): a fruit plant of Bangladesh. Plant Biotechnology Report, 3: 259-266.   https://doi.org/10.1007/s11816-009-0098-3

Google Scholar

72. Rahman, A.H.M. Mahbubur (2013). Angiospermic flora of Rajshahi district, Bangladesh. American Journal of Life Sciences,1(3): 105-112.   https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajls.20130103.15

Google Scholar

73. Rahman, A.H.M. Mahbubur and Keya, M.A. (2014). Assessment of Angiosperm Flora at the Village Sabgram under SadarUpazila of Bogra District, Bangladesh. International Journal of Advanced Research, 2(11): 443-458.   https://doi.org/10.12966/fbls.12.06.2014

Google Scholar

74. Raji, R. and Raveendran, K. (2011). Medicinal Plants used by Forest Tribe of Mananthavady Thaluk Wayanadu District (Kerala, South India). Life Sciences Leaflets, 13: 421–426.  

Google Scholar

75. Ramachandran, V.S. and Selvalakshmi, S. (2011). Floral Diversity of Mathikettan MPCA, Tamil Nadu, with special emphasis on additions to the Flora of Palani Hills. J. Econ. Taxon. Bot., 35(3): 473-477.

76. Ramamoorthy, T.P. (1976). In: Saldanha, C.J. and Nicolson, D.H. (eds.), Flora of Hassan District, Karnataka, India. Amerind Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.

Google Scholar

77. Rao, R.R. and Haridasan, K. (1983). Threatened plants of Meghalaya – a plea for conservation. In: Jain, S. K. and Rao, R. R. (eds.), An Assessment of Threatened Plants of India. Botanical Survey of India, Howrah.

Google Scholar

78. Rossetto, M., Crayn, D., Ford, A., Mellick, R. and Sommerville, K. (2009). The influence of environment and life-history traits on the distribution of genes and individuals: a comparative study of 11 rainforest trees. Molecular Ecology, 18: 1422–1438   https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294X.2009.04111.x

Google Scholar

79. Rossetto, M., Gross, C.L., Jones, R., Hunter, J. (2004). The impact of clonality on an endangered tree (Elaeocarpus williamsianus) in a fragmented rainforest. Biological Conservation, 117: 33–39.   https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3207(03)00260-X

Google Scholar

80. Rout, J., Sajem, A. and Nath, M. (2012). Medicinal plants of North Cachar hills district of Assam used by the Dimasa tribe. Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge, 11(3): 520-527.

Google Scholar

81. Roy, S., Islam, M. and Hadiuzzaman, S. (1998). Micropropagation of Elaeocarpus robustus Roxb. Plant Cell Rep., 17: 810–813.   https://doi.org/10.1007/s002990050488

Google Scholar

82. Saldanha, C.J. (1984). Flora of Karnataka, Oxford and IBH Publishing Co., New Delhi.

83. Saravanan, S., Indra, M., Kamalraj, P., Venkatesh, D.R. and Muthuchelian, K. (2011). In-situ vegetative propagation of Elaeocarpus venustus Bedd. a threatened endemic tree of Agasthiamalai Biosphere Reserve, Western Ghats, India. Journal of Bioscience Research, 2(2): 46–49.

Google Scholar

84. Sasi, R. and Rajendran, A. (2012). Diversity of Wild Fruits in Nilgiri Hills of the Southern Western Ghats- Ethnobotanical Aspects. International Journal of Applied Biology and Pharmaceutical Technology, 3(1): 82-87.     

Google Scholar

85. Sasidharan, N. (2002). Floristic Studies in Parambikulam Wildlife Sanctuary. KFRI Research Report No. 246. Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi, Thrissur.  

Google Scholar

86. Sasidharan, N., Chand Bhasha, S. and Renuka, C. (1994). Botanical Studies in the Medicinal Plant Conservation Areas in Kerala. KFRI Research Report No. 99. Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi, Thrissur.  

87. Sasidharan, N. (2006). Illustrated Manual on Tree Flora of Kerala Supplemented with Computer-Aided Identification. KFRI Research Report No. 282. Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi.   

Google Scholar

88. Sawian, J.T., Jeeva, S., Lyndem, F.G., Mishra, B.P. and Laloo, R.C. (2007). Wild edible plants of Meghalaya, North-east India. Natural Product Radiance, 6(5): 410-426.

Google Scholar

89. Schlechter, R. (1916). Die Elaeocarpaceen Papuasiens. Bot. Jahrb. Syst., 54: 92- 155.

Google Scholar

90. Senthil Kumar, T., Lakshmi, S.R. and Rao, M.V. (2014). Phytochemical Analysis, Histochemical localization and Antioxidant Activity of Hoya wightii ssp. palniensis and Elaeocarpus recurvatus. American Journal of Phytomedicine and Clinical Therapeutics, 2(3): 357-366.

Google Scholar

91. Shah, G., Singh, P.S., Mann, A.S. and Shri, R. (2011). Scientific Basis for the Chemical Constituent and Therapeutic use of Elaeocarpus Species: A Review. International Journal of Institutional Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1(1).

Google Scholar

92. Shailasree, S., Sampathkumara, K.K., Niranjana, S.R. and Prakash, H.S. (2014). Bioactive Potential of Medicinal Plants from Western Ghats Region, India. Journal of Herbs, Spices & Medicinal Plants, 20(3): 221-234. https://doi.org/10.1080/10496475.2013.860070

Google Scholar

93. Sharma, A.K., Bajpai, S., Shrivastava, S. and Kanungo, V.K. (2014). Inventorying Medicinal plants in Urban Homegardens of Raipur, Chhattisgarh. International Journal of Herbal Medicine, 2(1): 43-50.

Google Scholar

94. Sharma, J.K., Nair, K.K.N., Mathew, G., Ramachandran, K.K., Jayson, E.A., Mohanadas, K., Nandakumar, U.N. and Nair, P.V. (2002). Studies on the Biodiversity of New Amarambalam Reserved Forests of Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve. KFRI Research Report No. 247. Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi, Thrissur.

Google Scholar

95. Singh, B., Rethy, P., Gangawar, H.S. and Gajural, P.R. (1999). Seasonal variation in rooting behaviour of air layered branches in Rudraksh. Journal of Non-Timber Forest Products, 6: 173-174. 

96. Singh, U.V., Ahlawat, S.P. and Bisht, N.S. (2003). Nursery Technique of Local Tree Species-II. SFRI Information Bull No.11. State Forest Research Institute, Itanagar, Arunachal Pradesh, India.  

Google Scholar

97. Sinha, M.K. (2013). Threat Assessment of Medicinal Plants of Koria District in Chhattisgarh (India). Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences, 5(2): 79-86. https://doi.org/10.9790/3008-0527986

Google Scholar

98. Stewart, R. and Balcar, T. (2006). Restoration of shola-grassland ecosystems: insights from the Palani Hills. In: Principles for Rainforest and Grassland Restoration in the Anamalai Hills, edited by Nature Conservation Foundation, Mysore and Vattakanal Conservation Trust, Kodaikanal.

99. Swarupanandan, K., Sasidharan, N., Chacko, K.C. and Chand Basha, S. (1998). Studies on the Shola Forests of Kerala. KFRI Research Report No. 158.Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi, Thrissur.

Google Scholar

100. Upadhaya, K., Thapa, N., Lakadong, N.J., Barik, S.K. and Sarma, K. (2013). Priority Areas for Conservation in Northeast India: A Case Study in Meghalaya Based on Plant Species Diversity and Endemism. International Journal of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, 39(2): 125-136.  

Google Scholar

101. Vijayan, A. and Sebastian Rajasekaran, C. (2010). An efficient in vitro plantlets regeneration of Elaeocarpus blascoi Weibel - an endangered tree in Palni hills at Kodaikanal, India. Online Journal of Biotechnology Research, 2(2): 54-59.

102. Wiart, C. (2006). Medicinal plants of the Asia-Pacific: Drugs for the future? World Scientific, 87-89. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781420006803.ch13

Google Scholar

103. Zmarzty, S. (2001). Revision of Elaeocarpus (Elaeocarpaceae) section Elaeocarpus in Southern India and Sri Lanka. Kew Bull., 56: 405-447. https://doi.org/10.2307/4110964

Google Scholar

About this article

How to cite

Saklani, K., Prasad, P. and Nautiyal, A.R., 2015. Ethnomedicinal Importance of Rudraksha (Elaeocarpus sphaericus (Gaertn.) K. Schum.), Related Species and their Conservation Strategies: A Review. Indian Journal of Forestry, 38(1), pp.1-10. https://doi.org/10.54207/bsmps1000-2015-4YJ3W3

Publication History

Manuscript Published on 01 March 2015

Share this article

Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: