Different types of freshening tools developed were evaluated in actual field conditions for resin tapping from Pinus caribaea trees. The developed tools were user friendly. The tools were evaluated for freshening holes made for tapping resin using bore hole technique from P. caribaea. Use of all the developed freshening tools led to increase in resin yield over control. Out of different freshening tools developed and tested, hand operated augur type tool showed appreciable increase in resin yield up to the third freshening and is recommended for use in the resin tapping operation of bore hole technique to enhance resin yield.

The study aimed at investigating the effect of pre-sowing treatments on the germination and seedling vigour of Guava (Var. Allahabad Safeda) seeds. The pre- sowing treatments were made up cold and hot water soaking, manual scarification with sand paper, electronic scarification, different concentration of sulphuric acid, H₂O₂, CaOCl₂ along with control. The treated and control seeds were placed for germination in top of the paper method.  Twenty five days after sowing the result revealed that seeds soaked with CaOCl₂ 2% for 12 hrs. registered highest germination of 41 per cent followed by seed treated with H₂SO₄ 200ml/kg for 15 minutes (40%). The control seeds gave only 10 per cent germination. Vigour index values shows significant differences among the treatments. The highest vigour index values of 119 were recorded in the seeds treated with H₂SO₄ 200ml/kg for 10 minutes. The lowest vigour index value of 16 was recorded in control treatment. The results showed that treating the seeds with CaOCl₂ 2% for 12 hrs (or) treated with H₂SO₄ 200ml/kg for 10 (or) 15 minutes was the most effective pre-sowing treatment for the germination and seedling vigour of Guava seeds.

An investigation was undertaken with Bambusa vulgaris (S.) as the test tree species to standardize ideal Integrated Nutrient Management (INM) techniques for assessing nutrient uptake and fixing appropriate dose of INM for growth of tissue cultured seedlings, so as to obtain the best quality seedling within a shortest nursery period. A nursery experiment was conducted by raising tissue culture B. vulgaris seedlings in polybags of size 25 cm x 15 cm filled with non-calcareous, red sandy loam soil (Typic Ustropept), sand and FYM with two levels of urea (500 and 1000 mg seedling^-1), two levels of single super phosphate (1000 and 1500 mg seedling^-1), two levels of muriate of potash (250 and 500 mg seedling^-1) and micronutrient mixture (5g)  along with Azospirillum (5g) seedling^-1, phosphobacteria (5g) seedling^-1 and VAM (10g) seedling^-1.The results revealed that INM treatments were found to improve the N, P and K content of B. vulgaris seedlings. The significant increase in the total N, P and K uptake was noticed due to the incorporation of Urea, Single super phosphate and Muriate of potash (500: 1000: 250 mg) along with VAM (10g), Azospirillum (5g), phosphobacteria (5g) and micronutrient mixture (5g) seedling^-1(T₉) over the control at 120 DAP. The total N, P and K uptake was increased by 5.00, 1.89 and 3.19 mg seedling^-1, more than the control by the same treatment. The available nutrient status was positively influenced by INM treatments compared to the application of organic, inorganic and biofertilizer alone and the control. Application of urea, single super phosphate and muriate of potash (1000: 1500: 500 mg seedling^-1) along with VAM (10g), Azospirillum (5g), phosphobacteria (5g) and micronutrient mixture (5g) seedling^-1(T₁₀) recorded more available of N, P and K due to application of higher dose of fertilizers.

Jatropha nana var. bengalense is reported here from the state of Jharkhand, India. A short description along with illustration, distribution map and a short note on conservation status of the variety is provided.

Variability and diversity of Phyllanthus amarus Schum. & Thonn., an important medicinal plant species, in its natural habitats in Kerala State of India was analyzed based on the observations on eleven salient morphological characters recorded from thirty populations of the species distributed across Palakkad, Malappuram and Kozhikode districts.  Among the eleven characters studied, seven characters such as plant height, number of brachyblasts, number of leaves per brachyblast, leaf breadth, length between adjacent brachyblasts, number of flowers per brachyblast and fresh weight of plants showed statistically significant difference between the populations. The interrelationship between the characters and their association was also studied.  Fresh plant weight showed significant positive correlation with five characters.  Number of brachyblasts and number of leaves per brachyblast showed significant positive correlation with four characters each.  Number of branches and number of flowers per brachyblast showed significant positive correlation with three characters each.  Plant height, leaf length and leaf area showed significant positive correlation with one character each and length of branches, leaf breadth and length between adjacent brachyblasts showed no significant correlation with anyone of the characters studied.  By factor analysis four factors could be extracted and number of branches, fresh plant weight, length of branches and leaf breath were found to be the lead characters.  Highly significant variability with regard to most of the morphological characters indicates that Phyllanthus amarus populations in the study area are presently stable and diverse.  But care should be taken to protect its gene pool from damages due to natural as well as man made interferences.

The Euphorbiaceous wild edible fruits of Kerala have been studied as part of our studies on the survey, identification and documentation of the under exploited wild edible fruit resources of the State. A total of thirteen promising species have been discussed and enumerated with special mention on their potential as an alternative fruit source.

Tridax procumbens L. (Asteraceae) has been found to be very effective wound-healer. This valuable medicinal plant is used by Bhil tribe of Ratlam district to cure cut, injuries / wounds.

Protocols of axillary bud multiplication were established for Dodonaea viscosa (Sapindaceae). Murashig & Skoog’s medium with 0.2 mg/l BAP with 0.01 Naphthalene acetic acid induced high rate of shoot induction and an average of five shoots per node.  Subsequent culture enhanced the number of shoots.  Callus initiated from the basal cut end explants differentiated in to more than 10 shoots on MS Medium with 0.4mg/l Benzylaminopurine and 0.02mg/l Indole Butric Acid. Eighty per cent of the rooted shoots survived when transferred to greenhouse and subsequently to the field.

Nephelaphyllum pulchrum Bl., little or poorly known taxon is discussed along with short description, colour plate, relevant notes for further collection and identification in field.

The present paper deals with ethnomedicine for diabetes from East Godavari district. The study yielded 21 plant species covering as many genera and 16 families. Trees are dominant followed by creepers, herbs, tubers and a shrub. Seven new plant species are reported for curing diabetes.

In this paper highlights a brief description of Eucalyptus is provided along with its utilization and importance. It is one of the fastest growing trees in the world and many species attain great heights.  It is popularly known as Safeda and Gum tree, several species are cultivated in this region of Uttar Pradesh. Wood is buying back with rate of kg. 12-14 Rs. /kg. One plant becomes sale out minimum Rs. 2500-3000. Large scale plantations have been raised in government owned and private farm lands, the planting is continuing. Eucalyptus supplies for people and industries and has helped to reduce pressure on natural forests. The economics of its plantations varies depending upon the use to which it is put. Firewood is the main source of energy in Uttar Pradesh. The Eucalyptus wood which is marketed is used either as firewood or as pulpwood by the paper and rayon industries. Its wood has been tried as timber for constructional purpose, furniture making. Wooden floor, Charcoal and pulp and paper. It is also used to preparation of folk medicine in this area. These species are grown and identified as major species, Eucalyptus globulus Labill, E. umbellata Domin, E. paniculata Sm., E. citriodora Hook., E. rudis and E. camaldulensis Dehnh. in Uttar Pradesh.

Embelia ribes is a woody perennial forest climber that belongs to Rare Endangered and Threatened category.  Because of its economic importance of its seeds and great demand in the market of ayurvedic and pharmaceutical medicines tremendous pressure is being imposed on its natural populations. The present study is an effort to analyze the variability of juvenile plants of Embelia ribes grown from the seeds collected from different geographical regions of the southern part of Western Ghats of India. Statistically significant variability between the accessions was shown only by internodal length and the other characters under study showed only insignificant variations.  However, characters like number of tertiary branches, number of leaves per tertiary branches and epicuticular wax content showed some degree of variation.  The present study reveals that the level of variability expressed in the case of juvenile plants of Embelia ribes when grown and compared under uniform nursery conditions is very low and this observation points to the alarming situation that the level of genetic variability among Embelia ribes plants distributed in the Western Ghats region of Kerala  state of India is very low and measures to improve the extent of variability should be initiated with the objective of enriching in situ diversity and developing germplasm of the plant in which all the available genotypes across its natural habitats are conserved.

The stem of Tinospora cordifolia Miers. (Menispermaceae) cure psoriasis (A condition characterized by the eruption of circumscribed discrete and confluent reddish, silvery scaled lesions). Modern medicines do not have any cure of the disease, except their temporary relief. However, traditional herbal remedies do have a cure. This species is excellent remedy for psoriasis.

The paper examines traditional uses of some plants used to treat stomachache by the Bagata tribe of Visakhapatnam district. Forests have provided enough material to tribes for use in the traditional medicine. During the survey of the tribal villages, data on 47 medicinal plants used to cure stomachache were collected. Forty-seven plant species belongs to 45 genera and 30 families are reported along with family, vernacular and English names, dosage rate and mode of administration have been enumerated.

The present paper deals with Withania coagulans (Stocks) Dunal an ethnomedicinal plant distributed in the Western Rajasthan Desert, India.